Traqueotomía percutánea guiada por ultrasonografía en tiempo real. Revisión de la literatura / Literature Review. Real-time ultrasonography-guided percutaneous tracheotomy

La traqueotomía percutánea por dilatación es un procedimiento que se realiza en las unidades de paciente crítico, implica la disección roma de los tejidos pretraqueales, seguida de la dilatación de la tráquea sobre la guía y la inserción de la cánula traqueal mediante la técnica de Seldinger. En las últimas décadas, la evidencia sugiere que, en manos de médicos capacitados, es al menos tan segura como la traqueotomía quirúrgica, con similar incidencia de complicaciones. La selección adecuada de pacientes y el uso de herramientas de seguridad complementarias, como broncoscopio o ultrasonido, disminuyen las tasas de falla y complicaciones. Siendo contraindicaciones absolutas para traqueotomía percutánea por dilatación una anatomía anormal, tumor maligno en el sitio de traqueostomía, coagulopatías o vía aérea difícil. La guía mediante broncoscopia permite la evaluación de la profundidad del tubo endotraqueal, confirma la posición de la aguja en el eje de la tráquea y la adecuada inserción del cable guía y dilatador. Entre sus desventajas destacan que, el sitio de punción está sujeto a sesgo y no puede guiar con precisión la aguja en la penetración de la tráquea. La traqueotomía percutánea guiada por ultrasonido es una alternativa validada en unidades, donde no se cuente con broncoscopia. Es un método rápido, seguro, que permite la identificación de estructuras anatómicas, vasculatura cervical, permite identificar el sitio de la punción y guía la inserción de la aguja en la tráquea. Esta técnica presenta altas tasas de éxito al primer intento, reduciendo significativamente el número de punciones.

Percutaneous dilation tracheostomy is a procedure performed in critical patient units. It involves blunt dissection of the pretracheal tissues followed by dilation of the trachea over the guidewire and insertion of the tracheal cannula using the Seldinger technique. In recent decades, evidence suggests that in the hands of trained physicians it is at least as safe as surgical tracheostomy, with a similar incidence of complications. The proper selection of patients and the use of complementary safety tools such as bronchoscope or ultrasound reduce failure rates and complications. Being absolute contraindications for PDT abnormal anatomy, malignant tumor at the tracheostomy site, coagulopathies, or difficult to treat airway. Bronchoscopy guidance allows evaluation of the depth of the endotracheal tube, confirms the position of the needle in the axis of the trachea and the proper insertion of the guide wire and dilator. Among its disadvantages are that the puncture site is subject to slant and cannot accurately guide the needle into the trachea. In addition, it requires Critical Patient Units with bronchoscope and trained personnel. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheotomy is a validated alternative in units where bronchoscopy is not available. It is a fast, safe method that allows the identification of anatomical structures, cervical vasculature, identifies the puncture site and guides the insertion of the needle into the trachea. With high first-attempt success rates, significantly reducing the number of punctures.

Traqueostomía quirúrgica en un paciente con súper-súper obesidad. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Surgical tracheostomy in a super-super obese patient. Case report and literature review

La obesidad es un problema de salud que ha presentado un aumento preocupante en Chile y el mundo, en las últimas décadas. Esta condición se asocia a múltiples comorbi-lidades, entre ellas, afecciones respiratorias. La traqueostomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico que puede resultar desafiante en este tipo de pacientes, debido a las alteraciones que la obesidad genera en la anatomía cervical, asociándose a mayor morbimortalidad. Requiere una buena planificación preoperatoria. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con antecedente de súper-súper obesidad, con un índice de masa corporal de 78 kg m2, que requirió la realización de una traqueostomía quirúrgica. Se describe el manejo realizado, junto a las consideraciones especiales aplicadas al caso: se realizó lipectomía cervical, se utilizó instrumental quirúrgico de mayor longitud, suturas al plano subcutáneo para facilitar visualización intraoperatoria, suturas de la piel a la tráquea previo a la apertura de la vía aérea, uso de cánula de traqueostomía extra larga. El paciente presentó como complicación postoperatoria un granuloma periostomal que fue tratado y, finalmente, fue decanulado previo su alta hospitalaria. Se presenta una revisión en la literatura pertinente al caso.

Obesity is a health problem that has shown a worrisome increase in Chile and the world in recent decades. This condition is associated to multiple comorbidities, including respiratory disorders. A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that can be challenging in this type of patient due to the variations that obesity generates in the cervical anatomy, which is associated to greater morbidity and mortality. Due to this, it requires good preoperative planning. We present the case of a male patient with a history of super-super obesity, with a body mass index (BMI) of 78 kg m2, who required surgical tracheostomy; the management is described with the special considerations applied to the case: cervical lipectomy was performed, longer surgical instruments were used, sutures to the subcutaneous plane were placed to facilitate intraoperative visualization, skin sutures to the trachea were placed prior to opening the airway, use of extra-large tracheostomy cannula (XL). The patient presented a peristomal granuloma as a postoperative complication which was treated, and he was decannulated prior to hospital discharge. A review of the literature relevant to the case is presented.

Enfisema subcutáneo masivo, nemotórax a tensión y neumomediastino tras traqueotomía percutánea / Massive subcutaneous emphysema, nemotórax voltage and pneumomediastinum after percutaneous tracheostomy

Mujer de 68 años que ingresa en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por shock séptico. En el posoperatorio la paciente se mantiene inestable y se decide realizar traqueotomía percutánea (TP) por intubación prolongada. Al inicio la paciente presenta un enfisema subcutáneo que progresa hasta convertirse en masivo. Se realiza TC torácico donde se observa pérdida de la morfología habitual de la pared posterior traqueal con solución de continuidad. Tras revisión mediante traqueobroncoscopía se decide colocar cánula de traqueotomía larga para dejar la lesión proximal al neumotaponamiento y así evitar la fuga de aire. Desde la colocación de la nueva cánula, la paciente presenta una disminución progresiva del enfisema hasta su total resolución. La TP es un procedimiento seguro que se realiza con mucha frecuencia en los servicios de medicina intensiva, sin embargo, no está exenta de complicaciones. En la revisión de Powell y cols describen las complicaciones de la TP destacando la inserción peritraqueal, la hemorragia, las infecciones de la herida, el neumotórax y la muerte. El rango de complicaciones en la literatura oscila entre 3% y 18%. Además, no se encuentran diferencias significativas respecto a las complicaciones entre la TP y la técnica abierta.

A 68-year-old woman who enter in intensive care unit due to septic shock. In the postoperative period, the patient remained unstable and decided to perform a percutaneous tracheotomy (PT) because prolonged intubation. In the first, the patient presents subcutaneous emphysema that progresses until becoming massive. Thoracic CT is performed where loss of the usual morphology of the posterior tracheal wall with continuity solution is observed. After revision by means of tracheobroncoscopia, it is decided to place a long tracheotomy cannula to leave the lesion proximal to pneumotaponamiento and thus avoid air leakage. From the placement of the new cannula, the patient presents a progressive decrease of the emphysema until its total resolution. PD is a safe procedure that is performed very frequently in the Intensive Care Services3, however, it is not without its complications. The review of Powell et al4 describes the complications of PT emphasizing peritracheal insertion, hemorrhage, wound infections, pneumothorax, and death. The range of complications in the literature ranges from 3 to 18% 5. In addition, no significant differences were found regarding the complications between the TP and the open technique.

Traqueostomía percutánea por anestesiólogos: descripción de técnica con control fibrobroncoscópico directo y resultados en unidad de cuidados intensivos y grandes quemados / Percutaneous tracheostomy by anaesthesiologists: description of direct fiberoptic technic and results in an intensive care and burn unit

Introduction: The anesthesiologist often leaves the walls of the operating room to perform procedures in other departments, an activity inherent to his expert airway and critical patient’s management. Prolonged mechanical ventilation is one of the factors that increase Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, which is associated with increased mortality and an increase in healthcare-associated pneumonia. Percutaneous tracheostomy has reduced the length of stay in the ICU and indirectly, morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To describe the experience and results of percutaneous tracheostomy by Anesthesiologists in the ICU of the Mutual de Seguridad Clinical Hospital between 2013 and 2016. Methods: Case Series Study of percutaneous tracheostomies (TQT), performed by anesthesiologists in the ICU...

Introducción: El especialista en Anestesiología y Reanimación extiende sus competencias fuera del pabellón quirúrgico cada vez con más frecuencia para realizar procedimientos en otros servicios, actividad inherente a su pericia en el manejo de la vía aérea y pacientes críticos. La ventilación mecánica (VM) prolongada es uno de los factores que extienden la estadía en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), la que está relacionada a aumento de mortalidad y de neumonías asociadas a atención de salud (IAAS). La traqueostomía (TQT) percutánea ha logrado reducir la estadía en UCI e indirectamente, la morbilidad y mortalidad en esta unidad. Objetivos: Describir experiencia y resultados de realización de la traqueostomía percutánea por Anestesiólogos en UCI del Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad entre 2013 y 2016. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo. Serie de casos de TQT percutánea realizados por anestesiólogos capacitados en la técnica...

El caracol de playa: un caso raro de cuerpo extraño endobronquial / The Beach Snail: A Rare Case of Endobronchial Foreign Body

Los cuerpos extraños endobronquiales constituyen una entidad clínica poco frecuente en pacientes adultos a diferencia de la edad pediátrica, el grupo de <3 años constituyen el 75 por ciento de los casos. La presentación clínica en adultos depende del lugar de alojamiento del cuerpo extraño. La triada clásica de tos, disnea y cianosis solo se presenta en un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes. La clínica larvada los hace pasar desapercibidos, con periodos de latencia largos. Se trata de un paciente masculino de 41 años de edad que acude al servicio de Medicina por presentar tos y disnea que comienza de forma súbita luego de tomar un trago de ron que le produjo sensación de ahogo, se le realizan estudios imagenológicos que arrojan la presencia de cuerpo extraño endobronquial, inmediatamente se intenta extraer el mismo mediante Broncoscopia. Hubo que realizar otros procederes no comunes para lograr su extracción definitiva. Se presenta este caso por resultar su forma de presentación poco frecuente en el adulto, por el tipo de cuerpo extraño (caracol de playa), no descrito en la literatura médica y por las dificultades en la extracción del mismo(AU)

Endobronchial foreign bodies constitute a rare clinical entity in adult patients unlike the pediatric age, the group of <3 years constitute 75 percent of the cases. The clinical presentation in adults depends on the place of accommodation of the foreign body. The classic triad of cough, dyspnea and cyanosis only occurs in a small percentage of patients. The larval clinic makes them go unnoticed, with long periods of latency. This is a 41-year-old male patient who went to the medical service for having cough and dyspnea that starts suddenly after taking a sip of rum that caused him to feel choked. Imaging studies showed the presence of endobronchial foreign body. Immediate attempts to extract it were performed by bronchoscopy. Other uncommon procedures were necessary to carry out to obtain its definitive extraction. This case is presented due to its unusual presentation in adults, the type of foreign body (beach snail) which is not described in the medical literature and the difficulties in its extraction(AU)

Abordaje supraclavicular para el traumatismo vascular subclavio / Supraclavicular approach for subclavian vascular injuries

Introducción: la lesión traumática de los vasos subclavios no es frecuente. La causa fundamental está centrada en las heridas por armas de fuego y por objetos perforo-cortantes. La hemorragia o un hematoma en la zona de la base del cuello o tórax superior nos hacen pensar en esta lesión. El tratamiento depende principalmente de la estabilidad hemodinámica del paciente y los recursos disponibles. Este puede ser quirúrgico convencional o reparación endovascular. Objetivos: exponer los beneficios del abordaje supraclavicular para el tratamiento quirúrgico urgente de la lesión de vasos subclavios. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, retro y prospectivo para recolectar la información de los pacientes atendidos por lesión traumática de vasos subclavios en nuestro centro, desde noviembre de 2011 hasta octubre de 2015. Resultados: de los pacientes intervenidos, 10 fueron hombres y una mujer. Todas las lesiones fueron por objetos perforo-cortantes. El tipo de lesión más frecuente fue la laceración de vena subclavia (63,6 por ciento). La vía de abordaje más utilizada fue la cervicotomía en tercio inferior con prolongación supraclavicular con clavicectomía y osteosíntesis ulterior. Hubo 3 fallecidos (27,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: la herida de vasos subclavios sucede más frecuente por objetos perforo-cortantes y tiene una alta mortalidad, la vía supraclavicular resultó la de mejor exposición para repararla. La prontitud del tratamiento fue la variable que más influyó en la morbilidad y mortalidad de esta afección(AU)

Introduction: traumatic injury of the subclavian vessels is rare. The main cause is focused on ballistic trauma and pierced-sharp objects. Bleeding or hematoma in the areas of the neck base or the upper chest lead us to think of this injury. Treatment depends mainly on the patient's hemodynamic stability and available resources. This may be conventional surgical or endovascular repair. Objectives: expose the benefits of supraclavicular approach to the urgent surgical treatment of the subclavian vessel lesions. Methods: a prospective and retro observational study was performed to gather information from patients treated for traumatic lesion of subclavian vessels in our hospital from November 2011 to October 2015. Results: out of the operated patients, 10 were men and one was woman. All lesions were drilled-sharp objects. The most common type of injury was the subclavian vein laceration (63.6 percent). The most commonly used approach was the cervicotomy in the lower third with supraclavicular clavicotomy clavicectomía and further extension with osteosynthesis. There were 3 deaths (27.3 percent). Conclusions: subclavian vessel wounds most frequently occur due to perforating-cutting objects and has a high mortality. The supraclavicular approach was the best access for repair. The promptness of treatment was the variable that most influenced the morbidity and mortality of this condition(AU)

Comparison of early and late percutaneous tracheotomies in adult intensive care unit / Comparação de traqueotomia percutânea precoce e tardia em unidade de terapia intensiva para adultos / Comparación de traqueotomía percutánea precoz y tardía en unidad de cuidados intensivos para adultos

Background and objectives: Percutaneous tracheotomy has become a good alternative for patients thought to have prolonged intubation in intensive care units. The most important benefits of tracheotomy are early discharge of the patient from the intensive care unit and shortening of the time spent in the hospital. Prolonged endotracheal intubation has complications such as laryngeal damage, vocal cord paralysis, glottic and subglottic stenosis, infection and tracheal damage. The objective of our study was to evaluate potential advantages of early percutaneous tracheotomy over late percutaneous tracheotomy in intensive care unit. Methods: Percutaneous tracheotomies applied to 158 patients in adult intensive care unit have been analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups as early and late tracheotomy according to their endotracheal intubation time before percutaneous tracheotomy. Tracheotomies at the 0–7th days of endotracheal intubation were grouped as early and after the 7th day of endotracheal intubation as late tracheotomies. Patients having infection at the site of tracheotomy, patients with difficult or potential difficult intubation, those under 18 years old, patients with positive end-expiratory pressure above 10 cmH2O and those with bleeding diathesis or platelet count under 50,000 dL−1 were not included in the study. Durations of mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay were noted. Results: There was no statistical difference among the demographic data of the patients. Mechanical ventilation time and time spent in intensive care unit in the group with early tracheotomy was shorter and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early tracheotomy shortens mechanical ventilation duration and intensive care unit stay. For that reason we suggest early tracheotomy in patients thought to have prolonged intubation. .

Justificativa e objetivos: A traqueotomia percutânea tornou-se uma boa alternativa para os pacientes com previsão de intubação prolongada em unidades de terapia intensiva. Os benefícios mais importantes da traqueotomia são alta precoce da unidade de terapia intensiva e menos tempo de permanência no hospital. As complicações da intubação intratraqueal prolongada são: lesão da laringe, paralisia das pregas vocais, estenose glótica e subglótica, infecção e lesão traqueal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as potenciais vantagens da traqueotomia percutânea precoce versus traqueotomia percutânea tardia em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Traqueotomias percutâneas foram realizadas em 158 pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva para adultos e analisadas retrospectivamente. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos para traqueotomia precoce e tardia, de acordo com o tempo de intubação intratraqueal antes da traqueotomia percutânea. As traqueotomias consideradas precoces foram realizadas nos dias 0-7 de intubação intratraqueal e as tardias realizadas após o sétimo dia de intubação intratraqueal. Os pacientes com infecção no local da traqueotomia, intubação difícil ou potencialmente difícil, idade inferior a 18 anos, pressão positiva ao final da expiração acima de 10 cmH2O e aqueles com diátese hemorrágica ou contagem de plaquetas em 50.000 dL−1 foram excluídos do estudo. Os tempos de ventilação mecânica e internação em UTI foram registrados. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística entre os dados demográficos dos pacientes. Os tempos de ventilação mecânica e de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva do grupo traqueotomia precoce foram ...

Introducción y objetivos: La traqueotomía percutánea se ha convertido en una buena alternativa para los pacientes con previsión de intubación prolongada en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Los beneficios más importantes de la traqueotomía son el alta precoz de la UCI y menos tiempo de permanencia en el hospital. Las complicaciones de la intubación endotraqueal prolongada son: lesión de la laringe, parálisis de las cuerdas vocales, estenosis glótica y subglótica, infección y lesión traqueal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las potenciales ventajas de la traqueotomía percutánea precoz versus traqueotomía percutánea tardía en la UCI. Métodos: Se realizaron traqueotomías percutáneas en 158 pacientes en la UCI para adultos, siendo analizadas retrospectivamente. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos para traqueotomía precoz y tardía, de acuerdo con el tiempo de intubación endotraqueal antes de la traqueotomía percutánea. Las traqueotomías consideradas precoces fueron realizadas en los días 0-7 de intubación endotraqueal, y las tardías, después del séptimo día de intubación endotraqueal. Los pacientes con infección en la región de la traqueotomía, intubación difícil o potencialmente difícil, con una edad inferior a 18 años, presión positiva al final de la espiración por encima de 10 cmH2O y los que tenían diátesis hemorrágica o conteo de plaquetas en 50.000 dl−1 fueron excluidos del estudio. Se registraron los tiempos de ventilación mecánica y de ingreso en la UCI. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadística entre los datos demográficos de los pacientes. Los tiempos de ventilación mecánica y de ingreso en la UCI del grupo traqueotomía precoz fueron ...

Impact of early elective tracheotomy in critically ill patients / Impacto da traqueotomia eletiva precoce nos doentes críticos

INTRODUCTION: Tracheotomy is one of the most frequent surgical procedures performed in critically ill patients hospitalized at intensive care units. The ideal timing for a tracheotomy is still controversial, despite decades of experience. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of performing early tracheotomies in critically ill patients on duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, overall hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. METHODS: Retrospective and observational study of cases subjected to elective tracheotomy at one of the intensive care units of this hospital during five consecutive years. The patients were stratified into two groups: early tracheotomy group (tracheotomy performed from day one up to and including day seven of mechanical ventilation) and late tracheotomy group (tracheotomy performed after day seven). The outcomes of the groups were compared. RESULTS: In the early tracheotomy group, there was a statistically significant reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation (6 days vs. 19 days; p < 0.001), duration of intensive care unit stay (10 days vs. 28 days; p = 0.001), and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (1 case vs. 44 cases; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Early tracheotomy has a significant positive impact on critically ill patients hospitalized at this intensive care unit. These results support the tendency to balance the risk-benefit analysis in favor of early tracheotomy. .

INTRODUÇÃO: A traqueotomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais frequentes em doentes críticos internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. O seu timing ideal é ainda, apesar de décadas de experiência, uma questão controversa. OBJETIVOS: Determinar o impacto da realização de traqueotomias precoces em doentes críticos na duração da ventilação mecânica, do internamento na unidade de terapia intensiva, do internamento hospitalar, e mortalidade e morbidade. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional retrospectivo dos casos submetidos à traqueotomia eletiva em uma das unidades de terapia intensiva do nosso hospital durante 5 anos consecutivos. Os doentes foram divididos em dois grupos, tendo sido submetidos a traqueotomias precoces (até o 7º dia de ventilação mecânica, inclusive) ou tardias (após o 7º dia de ventilação mecânica), e os resultados foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Nos doentes submetidos a uma traqueotomia precoce verificou-se uma redução estatisticamente significativa na duração da ventilação mecânica (6 dias vs. 19 dias; p < 0,001), na duração do internamento na unidade de terapia intensiva (10 dias vs. 28 dias; p = 0,001) e na incidência de pneumonia associada ao ventilador (1 caso vs. 44 casos; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A traqueotomia precoce tem um impacto positivo estatisticamente significativo nos doentes críticos. Os resultados suportam a tendência de equilibrar o risco-benefício em favor da traqueotomia precoce. .

Tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica con Nd-YAG láser / Treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis with Nd-YAG laser

Introducción: la estenosis traqueal corresponde a una complicación común, secundaria a la intubación o a la traqueotomía. Existen varias modalidades en cuanto a su tratamiento, por eso nos propusimos evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de la estenosis traqueal isquémica mediante fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo en 160 pacientes, con estenosis traqueal isquémica operados en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas, en el período comprendido de enero de 1987 hasta diciembre del 2010. Se clasificó a las estenosis traqueales postintubación, en 5 grupos, según Luis Rocabado y otros. El método diagnóstico empleado fue la broncoscopia. Los pacientes admitidos en el estudio tenían traqueotomía y fueron clasificados en grupo I y II. Como proceder quirúrgico se realizó fotorresección con Nd-YAG láser y colocación de cánula en T de Montgomery. Los enfermos se valoraron clínica y endoscópicamente al alta y posteriormente en consulta externa durante un período de 1 año. Resultados: el mayor porciento de los pacientes corresponde al sexo femenino. El rango de edad fue entre los 30 y 49 años con una desviación estándar de 36,7 ± 5,0 años. Se clasificaron 93 (58,1 por ciento) pacientes en el grupo I y 67 (41,9 por ciento) en el grupo II. La causa más frecuente de intubación endotraqueal prolongada, fue el politrauma. Se complicaron 13 pacientes, con una mortalidad de 2,5 por ciento. El resultado final se evaluó como bueno en 94 pacientes (58,7 por ciento), satisfactorio en 53 (33,2 por ciento) y malo en 9 (5,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: el tratamiento inicial para las estenosis traqueales isquémicas clasificadas como grado I y II debe ser por vía endoscópica con Nd-YAG láser(AU)

Introduction: Tracheal stenosis is a common complication secondary to intubation or to tracheostomy. There are several treatment modalities to face this problem, hence we suggested that the results of the treatment of ischemic tracheal stenosis be evaluated based on photoresection with Nd-YAG laser. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was performed in 160 patients, who suffered ischemic tracheal stenosis and had been operated on at the Otolaryngology Service of the Medical and Surgical Research Center (CIMEQ) in the period from January 1987 to December 2010. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis was classified in five groups, according to Luis Rocabado et al.'s classification. The diagnosing method was bronchoscopy. All the patients included in the study had tracheotomy and were classified into the group I and group II. The surgical procedure performed on patients was photoresection with Nd Yag laser and placement of Montgomery's T- stent. The patients were clinically and endoscopically evaluated at discharge and afterwards at the outpatient service for one year. Results: The highest percentage of patients was females. The age range was 30 to 49 years, with SD= 36.7 ± 5. 0 years. Ninety three (58.1 percent) were classified in group I whereas 67 (41.9 percent) were included in group II. The most frequent cause in extended endotracheal intubation was multiple trauma. Thirteen patients suffered complications; the mortality rate was 2.5 percent. The final result was evaluated as good in 94 (58.7 percent), satisfactory in 53 (33.2 percent) and negative in 9 (5.6 percent) patients. Conclusions: The initial treatment for ischemic tracheal stenoses classified as grade I and II should be endoscopic by using Nd-YAG laser(AU)

Experiencia clínica en traqueotomía abierta / Clinical experience in open tracheotomy

Introducción: La traqueotomía se puede realizar por vía percutánea y por vía abierta. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia clínica con traqueotomías abiertas en el Hospital Clínico Regional de Concepción (HCRC). Material y método: Estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de fichas clínicas y protocolos quirúrgicos de las traqueotomías abiertas realizadas en el HCRC durante los años 2002 al 2006. Resultados: Se realizaron 342 traqueotomías. La edad promedio fue 48,9 años. El 84,3 por ciento se realizaron en el pabellón quirúrgico y el resto en UCI. El 16,33 por ciento fue realizado por residentes del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología (ORL), el 16,9 por ciento por ORL staff y el 66,66 por ciento por una residente y un staff. Las complicaciones alcanzaron el 18,9 por ciento. Perioperatorias en 3,2 por ciento y posoperatorias en 16 por ciento. No se encontró diferencia en la tasa de complicaciones al analizar según cirujano y lugar de la cirugía. Conclusiones: La tasa de complicaciones concuerda con las presentadas en la literatura. La traqueotomía abierta es una cirugía segura que puede ser realizada por residentes ORL en formación.

Introduction: The tracheotomy can be performed percutaneously and by open approach. Aim: To analyze clinical experience with open tracheotomy at the Hospital Regional de Concepción (HCRC). Material and method: Descriptive - retrospective study of medical records and surgical protocols for open tracheotomy performed in the HCRC during the years 2002 to 2006. Results: We performed 342 tracheotomy. The average age was 48.9 years. The 84.3 percent were performed in the operating room and the rest in the ICU. The 16.3 percent was held by residents of the service of otolaryngology (ORL), 16.9 percent for the ORL staff and 66.6 percent for a resident and a staff. The complications reached 18.9 percent. Perioperative 3.2 percent and postoperative 16 percent. There was no difference in complication rate was analyzed according to surgeon and surgical site. Conclusions: The complication rate is consistent with those reported in the literature. Open the tracheotomy is a safe surgery can be performed by ENT residents in training.

Model of extensive and severe tracheal stenosis in dogs / Modelo de estenose traqueal extensa e grave em cães

PURPOSE: To create an animal model of extensive longitudinal tracheal stenosis (TS) that can be useful to test different surgical techniques of tracheal reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty male mongrel dogs were submitted to standard TS and randomly distributed to observation for 3 weeks (n=10) or 6 weeks (n=10). Under general anesthesia, an elliptical area (major axis from 1st to 20th ring and minor axis 40 percent of tracheal diameter) was resected and the stumps were sutured. The internal and external diameters were measured (before and after the observation time) and the stenosis index was calculated. Blood samples were collected (gasometry, hematocrit and hemoglobin.) before and after the surgical proceedings. RESULTS: The weight was significant lower in the animals of 6 weeks (15,551±3286.2) in comparison with those of 3 weeks observation (17,250±3575.0). No significant differences were noted in the extension of the trachea on the 21st day (21.2± 1.8) or 42nd day (21.1±1.7). The mean (40.1) and the median (40.5) of rings counted on the 21st day were quite similar to mean (38.1) and median (39.0) that were counted on the 42nd day. In the animals of group A (3 weeks) the mean (46.8 percent) and the median (49.8 percent) of index stenosis showed no significant difference (Mann Whitney test p<0.001) in comparison with the mean (55.1 percent) and median (52.4 percent) of the animals from group B (6 weeks). No mechanical or biochemical distresses were recorded through all period of observation. CONCLUSION: The surgical proceeding was effective to promote a model of longitudinal and extensive tracheal stenosis.

OBJETIVO: Criar um modelo de estenose longitudinal extensa que possa ser útil para testar diferentes técnicas operatórias de reconstrução traqueal. MÉTODOS: 20 cães sem raça definida foram submetidos a um procedimento padrão de estenose traqueal extensa e observados por três (n=10) ou seis (n=10) semanas. Sob anestesia geral uma área elíptica (eixo maior do 1º ao 20º anel traqueal e eixo menos com 40 por cento do diâmetro da luz traqueal) foi ressecada e os cotos foram anastomosados de modo término-terminal. O diâmetro interno e externo foi medido (antes e depois do período de observação) e o índice de estenose foi determinado. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas (gasometria, hematócrito e hemoglobina) antes e depois dos procedimentos operatórios. RESULTADOS: O peso foi significantemente menor nos animais de seis semanas (15,551±3286.2) em comparação com os de três semanas (17,250±3575.0). Não houve diferenças significantes entre a extensão da traquéia com três (21.2± 1.8) ou seis (21.1±1.7) semanas. A média (40.1) e a mediana (40.5) dos anéis contados na 3ª semana foi similar à média (38.1) e mediana (39.0 da 6ª semana. A média (46.8 por cento) e mediana (49.8 por cento) do índice de estenose com três semanas não mostrou diferenças significantes (Mann Whitney test p<0.001) com a média 55.1 por cento) e mediana de seis semanas (52.4 por cento). Nenhum sofrimento mecânico ou bioquímico da respiração foi assinalado. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento foi efetivo para promover um modelo de estenose extensa da traquéia.

Un nuevo caso de pseudotumor inflamatorio de la tráquea / A new case of inflammatory tracheal tumor

El pseudotumor inflamatorio de tráquea es poco frecuente y puede simular un tumor cuando se localiza en la luz traqueal o bronquial. El objetivo del presente artículo fue presentar un nuevo caso y revisar la literatura especializada. Se trató de una paciente de 23 años de edad, con cuadro de disnea de varios años de evolución, tratada con el diagnóstico de asma bronquial. Fue intervenida de urgencia por empeoramiento de la disnea y diagnóstico de tumor intratraqueal, según estudio broncoscópico. Se practicó la resección de 5 anillos traqueales con anastomosis término-terminal. La evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria y la paciente se encuentra libre de recidiva 5 años después de la operación(AU)

The inflammatory tracheal pseudotumor is rare and it may mimic a tumor when it is located in the tracheal or bronchial light. The objective of this article was to present a new case and to review the specialized literature. The case of a 23-year-old patient with a picture of dyspnea of several years of evolution treated with diagnosis of bronchial asthma was reported. She underwent emergency surgery due the worsening of dypsnea and to the diagnosis of intratracheal tumor according to a bronchoscopic study. The resection of 5 tracheal rings was performed with termino-terminal anastomosis. The postoperative evolution was satisfactory and the patient has been free of relapse five years after the operation(AU)

Airway management in critically ill neurological patients.

Respiratory complications play an important part in the morbidity and mortality of critically ill neurological patients. Assurance of airway patency is of primary concern in such patients. A plethora of airway maintenance techniques and devices have been recommended for securing and maintaining the airway. But, translaryngeal intubation through the oral route is the safest and most preferred technique. Proper assessment and adequate preparation of the patient before intubation helps to avert crises. In difficult intubation one may secure and maintain the airway by placing a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). The role of early tracheotomy in patients who require prolonged ventilatory support can not be overemphasized. However, the development of inert and softer endotracheal tubes with low pressure cuff has reduced the complications associated with endotracheal intubation. Finally and most importantly the best place to acquire competence in securing the airway is the operation theater not the intensive care unit.

Cricotirotomia y traqueotomia recurso de urgencia ante una obstrucción respiratoria alta / Tracheotomy and cricotracheotomy recourse of the urgency front hight respiratory obstrucction

Every patient with upper airway obstruction needs tobe thoroughly evalueated. The possible origins can be broken down to many classifications and the new modalitis in treatmet is done. The key to succesful therapy of airway obstruction is always to understand the airway anatomy and the cause of airway obstruction

Etude rétrospective de 62 tracheotomies pratiquees dans le service O.R.L. de l'Hôpital Gabriel Touré, Bamako (Mali): de janvier 1986 à decembre 1992

A propos de 62 tracheotomies pratiquees en 7 ans a l'Hopital Gabriel Toure; l'auteur rapporte que c'est une intervention de survie faite le plus souvent chez le sujet adulte. La pathologie tumorale avec obstruction des voies aeriennes superieures reste l'indication majeure. Un cas d'emphyseme massif thoraco-abdominal ayant entraine la mort a ete observe. C'est une intervention de sauvetage dont la technique et la realisation doivent etre connues de tous les chirurgiens des pays en voie de developpement

Inhalation of foreign bodies in children

Sixty pediatric patients suspected of having tracheobronchial foreign bodies were admitted to Banha University Hospital. 66.6% were below 3 years old, 30% of cases gave a clear history of foreign body inhalation, while 20% did not and were treated for some time as if they had a chest infection. Roentgenographic evidence provided clues to diagnosis in 34 patients [56.7%]. Bronchoscopic removal under general anesthesia was successful in 52 patients. In 3 cases the foreign body was impacted and was removed by thoracotomy and bronchotomy in 2 cases, while in the third case resection of a bronchiectatic lobe was done. Watermelon seeds were removed from 60% of cases. Tracheostomy was necessary following bronchoscopic examination in one patient, while one patient died due to cardiac arrest

Tracheotomy in the management of respiratory failure

In less than a century indications for tracheotomy have been extended from laryngeal obstruction to respiratory failure due to secretory obstruction [RFSO] in the lower airway. Of the 242 patients who have undergone tracheotomy during 1961-1992, 119 cases required the procedure for RFSO. According to the cause RFSO patients were divided into five subgroups:[a] neuromuscular diseases; [b] coma; [c] chemical burns, foreign body, or infection in lower airway [d] reduced mobility of the ribcage [e] adjacent compression in the mediastinum. Secretions collected in lower airway can be deterimental to life. RFSO is seen in lots of comatosed patients. They usually die of drown-lung and asphyxia instead of underlying disorders as the major problem for RFSO is hypercapnia rather than simply hypoxemia oxygen inhalation is useless and even harmful. The key measure to break up this pernicious circle is to aspirate secretion accumulated in lower airway to promote alveolar gas exchange. Once RFSO is diagnosed a timely tracheotomy is helpful to assist ventilation, frequent bronchial toilet and artificial respiration. It provides better chance to rescue suffocated patients. Only Sixteen patients [13.4%] developed complications in this series

Epidemiological study and profile of treatment of croup in Iraqi children

Croup is still a common disease in our society. It mainly affects children between the ages of 2-4 years old. It is highly prevalant in low socio-economic groups and in big families who usually get the disease in its severe form. Our study shows marked female predominence and the use of steroids on the duration of hospitalization had little effect. All the patients were discharged in good condition and none of them required urgent procedures such as tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation